Police Discretion Essay Example for Free

Police Discretion Essay Police discretion is an unwritten law meaning it is not concretely represented in the constitution or any other rules or regulations governing law enforcement. However, it is a practical part of law enforcement because there are times when sound personal judgment and decision-making becomes necessary in the process. Police discretion is highly important in situations wherein the role of rules and laws are ambiguous or inapplicable. Although unwritten in documents presenting laws, it is valid because the police is an institution granted authority and power. Moreover, law enforcement agencies are expected to abide by ethics and morality at all times when practicing police discretion. Police discretion is valid because it is exercised by an authority or power, but then it becomes steadfast and trustworthy if it is practiced within the bounds of ethics and morality. (Atherton, 2001) Herein lay judgments and criticisms regarding police discretion. Police discretion is ideally utilized to determine whether to intercede with behavior and activities. This is supposed to be the primary purpose of police discretion. (Seri, 2008) For instance, a police man happens to chance upon a man shouting at his wife in a public place. Police discretion concerns making the decision of whether to intervene in the process with considerations to privacy issues since it is a private matter between husband and wife, but since it is in public, the situation’s relation to public disturbance is not something to be disregarded. At this point, police discretion addresses the matter of whether to intervene or not. (Kelling, 1999) The fabled and fictitious source aspect of police discretion is its relation to the philosophical foundations of ethics and morality. Conflicts in the practice of police work require discretion for its resolution. However, conflicts and ambiguities do not depend on just discretion, but count on morality to frame the judgment and decision-making process in order to uphold sound preferences when carrying out decisions. Morality talks about what is right from wrong – the right, based on the rules and commandments presented by God to man. Moreover, morality talks about intention as a primary factor in determining the goodness of an action, behavior or decision. This philosophical concept builds on what police discretion is about, guiding judgments and rationalizations in order to arrive at a morally good action. (Greenawalt, 1987) Perhaps it is rational to include the mythical concept of ethics and morality in framing police discretion guidelines and policies. Controlling philosophical concepts as a means to guide police discretion practices ensure that intentions are upright and the end action of the decision is morally good. This upholds accountability and values development in the field of law enforcement. Moreover, it addresses the matter of debate regarding the negative implications of allowing law enforcement agencies freedom to make decisions in their line of industry. It eliminates the abuse of power, and shifts it to the use of police discretion conscientiously. Another purpose of police discretion is making a decision of whether to label a particular action, behavior, or activity as criminal. (Seri, 2008) Juvenile crimes are primary targets of this issue since charging children with crimes is a sensitive concern. If for instance a police man catches a minor stealing from a grocery store, police discretion is practiced to make a decision on whether to charge the child with a criminal case. Other options include giving the child a chance by advising him to not repeat the act again and then letting him go, talking with the child’s parents directly to ensure that a the negative nature of the child does not go undisciplined, turning the child over to social welfare services, and charging the child with a criminal case. The decision of what to do in this particular scenario as well as similar situations, wherein there are opportunities of making sound judgments and decisions unguided by laws, is part of police discretion. Overall, police discretion is a power granted to members of the law enforcement as a means of raising the accountability of the institution by empowering them to learning and applying sound and moral concepts that promotes progress and development in the field of law enforcement. (Seri, 2008) To delineate further the concept of police discretion, five police actions will be discussed and analyzed in order to determine the expediency of practicing police discretion and identifying whether it is reasonable or an abuse of power. Harnessing the influence of the community as an effort to promote community policing is one task that law enforcement should work on. This is reasonable as the decision to formulate a neighborhood watch program to realize the goal of community policing sustains peace, order and security in the community. This action becomes an abuse of power if members of the community are forced to help in the process of enforcing laws. Community policing should be a voluntary effort. Minors are given light sanctions for criminal activities because of their inability to think rationally and independently without guidance from people in authority. Police discretion is acceptable when it comes to adjusting the enforcement of law to a particular situation where a minor is concerned. Police discretion becomes an abuse of power if minors who are caught committing crimes are directly charged with criminal cases without reviewing the need for social work intervention, counseling, and other lighter sanctions and disciplinary actions. When it comes to police interrogation, questioning techniques is part of police discretion. Policemen are given authority to subject suspects, witnesses, and victims to interrogations. Police discretion is acceptable if questions, in whatever form or manner executed, are relevant to the case and properly carried out in the process. It becomes abuse of power if people who are being interrogated are subject to threats and hostilities, forced to answer questions, and are asked personal matters. This goes the same with searching properties to look for evidence. Police discretion is deciding what areas within the properties to search, of course with the grant of a search warrant. It becomes an abuse of power if damage is inflicted to property as a means of hostile interaction with other people. Lastly, respecting the privacy of any individual should be maintained by law enforcement agencies. Although sustaining laws requires the obtainment of truth and factual information, police work should also consider privacy of other people in order to practice police discretion ideally and not abusively.

Taxidermy in Victorian England :: Victorian Era

Taxidermy in Victorian England: The â€Å"Bone Articulators† â€Å"Taxidermy† is Such a Funny Word! The word â€Å"taxidermy† has its roots in Greek, and it means â€Å"to arrange skin† (Historical Review of Taxidermy 1). The text from which I found most of my material (A Historical Review of Taxidermy) stated that taxidermy could have meant many things in ancient times, such as preserving mummies, or even leather working (arranging of animal skins) but by the time it reached England it was known quite solely as the arrangement of animal skins to represent life (1). A Compressed History Taxidermy was then not the art that we know today. In its earliest days (18th century) birds were especially difficult to reproduce. After the long and tedious procedures, specimens were often unrecognizable. This changed with the ideas of a Frenchman named Becoeur (1718-1777). He was the first man to use a paste containing arsenic to preserve bird skins and his methods reaped amazing results. You could actually tell that the specimens were birds. Becoeur never published his recipe during his life so that he might protect his business, but in 1820 a French taxidermist named Louis Dufresne (1752-1832) did. This was a landmark in the history of taxidermy, for it allowed many people to be able to create life-like specimens very similar to Becoeur‘s (3). The British read Dufresne’s books, and thus much of their taxidermy mimicked the French styles for a time. However, new styles and methods of preservation began to appear, such as the non-poisonous preservative formulae developed by Rowland Ward (1848-1912) and Montague Brown (1837-1923) in the mid to late 19 th century (4). For the first half of the 19 th century, taxidermy was still trying to become established. The difficulty owed much to the fact that the art was still being perfected. Most specimens from this period were rather stiff and un-lifelike in appearance. The idea of creativity combined with taxidermy had not yet taken flight, but this changed with the Great Exhibition in London in 1851. This show exhibited some of the first â€Å"creative† â€Å"taxidermical† (coined by me) works of art; the particular works created by John Hancock of Newcastle especially grabbed the attention of the judges. Hancock’s works, such as his tableaux of a falcon grappling with a heron, were â€Å" unsurpassed at the time for their quality and realism† (5). A judge commented that they â€Å"... will go far towards raising the art of taxidermy to a level with other arts which have hitherto held higher pretensions† (5).

Comparing Contamination In The UK And Kuwait Environmental Sciences Essay

The Sustainable Communities Project helps and support community groups on all facets of environmental jurisprudence and in peculiar on how to efficaciously take part in environmental determination devising ; by organizing and running workshops, seminars, surgeries and other events in their part. We provide information and publications for persons and groups, raises consciousness about environmental rights and justness and inform people about ELF and our services. more†¦ The accomplishments and expertness of ELF and our members are used to inform the legal and other professions about topical environmental issues through the proviso of preparation and educational events. ELF provides Continuing Professional Development preparation that is accredited by the Law Society, the Bar Council and the Institute of Legal Executives. We besides run a preparation programme for voluntaries and housemans back uping our Advice and Referral Service and Community Outreach Programme. more†¦ ELF promotes entree to environmental justness for the communities we represent and encourage environmental consciousness at every chance. We help authorise communities and persons to do existent alteration for the better, for the environment and for the hereafter. ELF participates in national and international arguments to assist better societal and environmental policy and jurisprudence The Environmental Law Foundation ( E.L.F. ) is a national UK charity committed to assisting persons and communities use the jurisprudence to protect and heighten their environment. The E.L.F. has been awarded support from the Equality and Human Rights Commission to set about a programme of awareness-raising events in England and Wales by the proviso of jurisprudence surgeries aimed at under-represented communities to concentrate on issues of environmental and human rights. The successful campaigner will back up the officer in charge of the bringing of this exciting programme by organizing the information demands of the undertaking and the administration. This station would be of involvement to a recent alumnus who wishes to pursueaa‚ ¬A ¦ Kuwait The Environmental Public Authority of Kuwait ( EPA ) recognizes its ‘ duty towards the environment, and issues this policy as a statement of direction and employee committedness to minimising the environmental impact of its ‘ concern activities. In order to guarantee effectual direction of its ‘ activities, merchandises and services that have the possible to impact the environment, the EPA commits it self to: Bing cognizant of how its activities, merchandises and services impact upon the environment, and conformity with relevant environmental statute law, ordinances and other demands to which it subscribe. Continual betterment of it ‘s environmental public presentation by constructing environmental considerations into its ‘ determination devising procedures and methods of operation, to minimise environmental impact and prevent pollution. Puting and printing a clear set of environmental aims and marks to guarantee continual betterment in it ‘s environmental public presentation and to supervise consequences to guarantee that these marks are met. Guaranting that all EPA activities, merchandises and services, giving rise to important environmental impacts, at all sites are all covered by this policy and that the policy is implemented kept up and communicated to all employees. Communicating this policy and environmental aims to it ‘s clients and all other interested parties. Necessitating its providers and contractors to hold proper respects to EPA ‘s Environmental Policy in regard to the merchandises and services they separately provide. Jetro Aim of The Undertaking The aim of the JETRO Model Project is to analyze optimal solutions for the environmental rehabilitation and preservation of marine H2O quality in Kuwait Bay. To accomplish this intent, the JETRO Model Project includes three undertakings as its constituents as stated below. Three constituents of the Undertaking Component 1: Tidal Flat Project Component 2: Marine Environment Real-time Monitoring Undertakings Component 3: Technology Transfer Project. City CITES ( the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ) is an international understanding between authoritiess. Its purpose is to guarantee that international trade in specimens of wild animate beings and workss does non endanger their endurance. Widespread information presents about the endangered position of many outstanding species, such as the tiger and elephants, might do the demand for such a convention seem obvious. But at the clip when the thoughts for CITES were foremost formed, in the 1960s, international treatment of the ordinance of wildlife trade for preservation intents was something comparatively new. With hindsight, the demand for CITES is clear. Annually, international wildlife trade is estimated to be deserving one million millions of dollars and to include 100s of 1000000s of works and animate being specimens. The trade is diverse, runing from unrecorded animate beings and workss to a huge array of wildlife merchandises derived from them, including nutrient merchandises, alien leather goods, wooden musical instruments, lumber, tourer oddities and medical specialties. Degrees of development of some animate being and works species are high and the trade in them, together with other factors, such as habitat lo ss, is capable of to a great extent consuming their populations and even conveying some species near to extinction. Many wildlife species in trade are non endangered, but the being of an understanding to guarantee the sustainability of the trade is of import in order to safeguard these resources for the hereafter. Because the trade in wild animate beings and workss crosses boundary lines between states, the attempt to modulate it requires international cooperation to safeguard certain species from over-exploitation. CITES was conceived in the spirit of such cooperation. Today, it accords changing grades of protection to more than 30,000 species of animate beings and workss, whether they are traded as unrecorded specimens, fur coats or dried herbs. CITES was drafted as a consequence of a declaration adopted in 1963 at a meeting of members of IUCN ( The World Conservation Union ) . The text of the Convention was eventually agreed at a meeting of representatives of 80 states in Washington DC. , United States of America, on 3 March 1973, and on 1 July 1975 CITES entered in force. The original of the Convention was deposited with the Depositary Government in the Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish linguistic communications, each version being every bit reliable. CITES is an international understanding to which States ( states ) adhere voluntarily. States that have agreed to be bound by the Convention ( ‘joined ‘ Citations ) are known as Parties. Although CITES is lawfully adhering on the Parties aa‚ ¬ † in other words they have to implement the Convention aa‚ ¬ † it does non take the topographic point of national Torahs. Rather it provides a model to be respected by each Party, which has to follow its ain domestic statute law to guarantee that CITES is implemented at the national degree. Daft Contentss Page Chapter 1 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Purposes and aims 1.3 Methodology Chapter 2 2.1 illustrations of the environment issues 2.2 2.3 Chapter 3 3.1 UK environmental issues. 3.2 Regulations & A ; Practices. 3.2 Environment organisations. 3.4 UK Environment Agency. Chapter 4 4.1 Kuwait environmental issues. 4.2 Regulations & A ; Practices. 4.3 Environment organisations. 4.4 Environment Public Authority ( EPA ) . Chapter 5 5.1 Discussion 5.2 Decision 5.3 Recommendations Mention Appendixs Appendix a Appendix B Literature Review Differences in environmental coverage patterns in the UK and the US ( Leigh Holland & A ; Yee Boon Foo, 2002 ) The paper examines the current environmental coverage patterns in the UK and US one-year studies it besides suggests elements of the legal and regulative construction of each state that regulates the bing environmental activity, and so act upon the environmental public presentation, and find the types of revelations that is made. The survey has been designed in order to prove the proposition that legal and regulative contexts are of import in the development of environmental revelations, but recognizes other factors that may be involved. The attack was utilizing a little sample to supply indexs of farther research. Alternatively of prosecuting in either a longitudinal or an in-depth survey for a big figure of companies, therefore the experimental groundss are being exploratory instead than unequivocal. The environmental direction context is examined to show an account of recent developments in order to propose influences on describing pattern that may be of import. After there are some theoretical considerations that are examined to determine whether the types of revelation originating from regulative forces reveal that answerability dose exist in the revelation of environmental information, and to what extent dosage this revelation discharges the organisation ‘s answerability to the users of such information. Globalization and the built environment in Kuwait ( Yasser Mahgoub, 2004 ) This paper argues impact of globalisation on the built environment besides discusses tenseness between the localisation and globalisation forces in Kuwait. Since the center of the twentieth century globalisation that has been active in the Gulf country when it witnessed an express development and transmutation that permitted localisation and globalisation patterns to be more manifested. The purpose of this paper is to analyse groundss and effects of the localisation and globalisation procedures in the reinforced environment of Kuwait through following the transmutation of the built environment the twentieth century. This survey claims that the struggle of manners that is presently present in the reinforced environment is a contemplation of struggle between the globalisation and the localisation processes, and that the cultural forces that is presently finding the built environment, such as Islamic-Western, modern-traditional, and local-international, is the result of this tenseness. In the decision of the paper the procedures of localisation and globalisation are coexisting and inseparable, similar to many other parts of the universe, which are in a province of nonstop alterations and interaction. And that there is a demand for an alternate apprehension of what planetary architecture can be, one that understands the critical demand to conserve and esteem assortment every bit good as doctrines of people, infinite, and the interactions with and within the reinforced signifier. Comparative appraisal of EIA systems in MENA states: Challenges and chances ( Karma El-Fadl, Mutasem El-Fadel, 2004 ) This survey compares the legislative models of the MENA states, Environmental impact appraisal ( EIA ) is created as a determination tool in order to answer to the enforcing crestless wave of eco-centric apprehensivenesss to intercede between techno-centric position of sustained development and the capableness to make economic growing at the same clip as prevailing over the environmental jobs. This paper reveals position of EIA systems in the states of North Africa and Middle East part through a relative appraisal of the presented and planned processs and statute law. The incorporation of the pattern of EIA into a broad scope of civilizations and political systems reflecting the desire and demand to unite environmental considerations into the decision-making procedure. In decision there was foregrounding for some root cause of inadequate or hapless environmental direction public presentation throughout the part. Such as the consequence of poorness in rushing up the environmental debasement has been good established and recognized worldwide over the old ages. In add-on, environmental debasement is compounded with high rates of population growing and deficient degrees of instruction both at local populations and decision-making degrees. The analysis point out that there is deficient expertness and heed among the determination shapers and the populace, refering the significance of suited environmental direction and this is due to the low rate of implementing environmental statute law every bit good as deficiency of satisfactory environmental criterions and monitoring plans. Terrestrial & A ; Atmospheric Environment During & As ; After the Gulf War ( Tahir Husain, 1997 ) Appraisal of different pollutants in the tellurian environment as a consequence of Kuwaiti oil fires are presented in this survey. And the impacts of these pollutants on the environment and human wellness are besides briefly discussed. The most obvious environmental jobs emerged during the Gulf War were due to the largest oil spill on record and the torching of the oil Wellss in the Kuwaiti oil Fieldss. The Other environmental jobs were those associated with the harm done to the earthly environment due to the monolithic troop motions, the discharge of ammo during land and air conflicts, the possible release of toxic stuffs, and the ingestion of land and sea mines. In this survey there was a comparative rating during and after the Gulf War, based on the informations compiled on particulate affair concentration and gaseous pollutants at assorted locations within Kuwait. The analysis confirms that the concentration of gaseous pollutants and particulate affair during the oil fires in 1991 was much higher than in 1993. The economical and international dimensions of the environmental jobs, environmental jobs in the Black Sea part and the function of the voluntary organisations ( Nagehan Arslana, Mustafa Okmenb, 2005 ) Today environmental jobs have local, national and international facets. Where the environmental jobs in the Black Sea part are a good illustration, these jobs have affected all six states that have shores with the Black Sea. This survey analyses these jobs, and aims to comprehend the possible grounds for these jobs followed with suggestions to work out them taking into consideration the economic dimensions. Then it emphasizes the functions and importance of voluntary organisations in the procedure of work outing environmental jobs. The decision where basic stipulations to set about these jobs such as finding of the environmental state of affairs, development of a effectual, experienced applicable methods for support of proficient and institutional capacity, finding of investing demands in order to halt environmental pollution and decay. And that the solution proposals should include the fact that environmental jobs have legal, economic, societal, and political dimensions with their cumulative belongingss. The survey stressed that an analytical attack is needed for causes and result by analyzing the environmental jobs with local, regional and international belongingss. â€Å" State of the Art † – current cognition in the field Under the relevant European Directives, an Environmental Statement is the accepted merchandise of an Environmental Impact Assessment. Environmental Statements are frequently prearranged in a manner that illustrates the environmental baseline, betterment and effects for each type of environmental receptors such as ecology, archeological resources, H2O resources, human existences etc. Contaminated land is frequently managed in the same ways as a assortment of environmental receptor groups, although it is chiefly a cause of impacts instead than a receptor. It besides frequently refers to a preexistent province and its destructive consequence is on a assortment of different receptors such as human wellness, edifices, groundwater characteristics, surface H2O characteristics and ecology. This means that land taint experts struggle with incorporating the issue in a logical mode in an Environmental Statement. And lodging to the structured attack of an environmental statement is critical to guarantee a clear image of the bing environmental status. Contaminated land in many states is considered to be on a source-pathway-receptor footing. This is critical to understand the impact that land development can hold on the topic of contaminated land. And development can interfere with any of these three elements. As a affair of fact It can present sensitive receptors through altering the usage of land, for case by constructing new residential units on a site that was before used for heavy industry. New tracts linking preexistent taint with a current receptor can be formed, for case when stacking throughout a non-permeable bed linking a bed of contaminated dirts with a deep aquifer. Finally by presenting pollutants on the site, a development undertaking can present possible beginnings of taint. And the 2nd component presently considered is the structured attack of an environmental statement. CURRENTLY IN KUWAIT The MDG 7 purposes for the incorporation of sustainable development rules into state ordinances, policies and programmes that was achieved in Kuwait when the Environment Public Authority ( EPA ) was established in 1995. The EPA is responsible for the direction and protection of environment. The EPA statute law establishing has given it a high profile necessitating the supreme council of the authorization chaired by the First Deputy Prime Minister. Harmonizing to the international categorization, and the geographical place of the state every bit good as the size, the proportion of land country covered by woods which is zero and the land country protected to keep a biological assortment is undistinguished as a per centum of the whole country of the state. Kuwait has experienced a systematic addition in GDP per unit of energy usage. The per centum of population that is utilizing solid fuels has been zero for a long clip on the history of the immensely developed nature of the society every bit good as on the history of the fact that the economic system is oil-based affecting the easiness of usage of non-solid fuels. Hence Kuwait is located in a desert part, with no woods ; there is no major deduction for utilizing solid fuels on the environment. Kuwaitis enjoy a nice criterion of life and accordingly, the per centum of population with sustainable entree to heighten beginnings of H2O has been 100 % for a extended period of clip. Therefore, the MDG 7 mark 10 has already been achieved. Sing the sum of people with entree to procure tenancy, approximately 99.7 % of Kuwaiti families had entree to procure tenancy as of December 2002. Of these, 11.6 % were populating in modern flats and 1.2 % life in traditional houses and extensions, and 86.9 % life in houses. The State of Kuwait, with a entire country of 17,820 kilometers, lies at the caput of the Arabian Gulf. It is bordered in the North and Northwest by Iraq, in the sou'-west and West by Saudi Arabia and it overlooks the Gulf to the E. Kuwait has a desert clime characterized by a long, dry hot summer, with temperatures sometimes even falling below four grades Celsius. The long-run mean one-year rainfall for the whole state historically was about 176 millimeters. The Arabian ( Persian ) Gulf is 1,000 kilometer by 200-300 kilometers broad, and is oriented north-west aa‚ ¬ † sou'-east. Very shallow, the mean deepness is merely approximately 36 m. The Environment of Kuwait suffered the worst oil pollution events in human history. On August 2, 1990 Kuwait was invaded by Iraqi military personnels. The environmental amendss ensuing from the invasion and the subsequent release war have affected all ecosystems, every bit good as human wellness. Seven hundred and eight oil Wellss were sabotaged or set on fire. Approximately two to three million barrels of petroleum oil, burned and unburned, were emitted daily during the release war for 300 yearss. Overall, 70 million barrels of oil contaminated 49 kilometer of the desert as oil lakes. Around 953 kilometer of the desert was oiled from the radioactive dust of greasy atoms. The oil taint of the tellurian ecosystems reached degrees on an unprecedented graduated table in the history of the planet. The impacts on the environment will take decennaries to partly vanish and their full effects may ne'er be realized. The oil taint of the sea has had less serious impacts in the Kuwaiti Marine environment, and the natural recovery has improved the state of affairs over clip. Presently, the coral reefs appear healthy and the measure of runt harvested each twelvemonth is similar to the 1s recorded before the war. These findings do non place the more long-run impacts of the taint on Marine ecosystems and populating species. Twelve old ages after the war. The visual aspect of the environment is much better. The marine resources still have a great potency and are a chief part to the nutrient supply in Kuwait. The oil production statistics demonstrate that oil production in Kuwait after the war has full recovered. Battle with supervisor Capable countries discussed and drumhead of aid given Evidence of meetings see attached signifiers Programme to Completion Capable countries discussed and drumhead of aid given Updated version of your Initial Project Proposal Transcript from the initial entry with alterations clearly indicated

Human Resource is the Most Important Asset of an Organization Essay

I agree with the statement that â€Å"Human Resource is the most important asset of an organization.† Human resource is â€Å"the set of individuals who make up the workforce of an organization, business sector or an economy.† (â€Å"Human resource definition†). Human resource is the least mobile of the four factors of production, which are resources required for generation of goods and services. The other factors of production are natural resources, capital (including all man-made resources) and enterprise. (â€Å"Factors of production definition†). The most important aspects of human resource are the knowledge, skills, creativity and motivation possessed by people. These aspects of human resource improve with age and experience, which no other resource can do. Thus, human resource is often regarded as the scarcest and most important asset that creates the largest and longest lasting competitive advantage for an organization. The idea that human resource is the most important asset of an organization is particularly relevant to the business landscape of the 21st century. In developed and even developing countries, their economies are moving away from being manufacturing-based into being knowledge-based. To quote Peter F. Drucker, the famous management guru, educator and author: â€Å"The most important, and indeed the truly unique, contribution of management in the 20th century was the fifty-fold increase in the productivity of the manual worker in manufacturing. The most important contribution management needs to make in the 21st century is similarly to increase the productivity of knowledge work and the knowledge worker.† (Drucker, 1999, p135). Knowledge has become the key factor of productivity and competitive advantage for organizations in today’s economy. Since knowledge can only be created, utilized and transferred by human beings, it is clear that human resource is the most important asset of a modern organization. Other resources such as capital and raw materials are also necessary and have different functions in an organization. However, human resource is still the most important because  only people can plan the usage of these resources as a whole to create maximum value for the organization. Starbucks, the highly successful Seattle-based coffee store, is a great example of a company that believes that its human resource is its most important asset. Starbucks’ employees, called partners, are the key to their customers’ experience and the success of the company (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart and Wright, 2012, pp. 3-4). Starbucks wants its baristas to have good coffee knowledge, product expertise, and provide excellent customer service. Thus, Starbucks invests heavily in the training of its baristas. For example, Starbucks shut down most of its stores in 2008 for a full-day training event called â€Å"Perfect the Art of Expresso† to train its baristas make high-quality expresso for customers. To reward and retain its partners (â€Å"Facts About Starbucks and Our Partners (Employees)†), Starbucks offers its partners a Total Pay package including a fair and competitive wage, a 401(K) savings plan, stock options, an employee stock purchase plan and other perks. Starbucks offers comprehensive health benefits to partners who work part time, unlike most companies which offer health benefits only to full-time staff. Finally, Starbucks offer its partners flexible work hours so that they can enjoy better work-life balance. In the modern knowledge-based economy, many companies seek to gain a competitive advantage in the market. Human resource is the most important element to build the competitive advantage of a company. The knowledge, skills, experience and creativity of each individual contribute to the development of new products and services, which ultimately impact the profitability and growth of the company. The Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company (3M), a manufacturing conglomerate based in Minnesota, is a great example of a company which empowers its human resource to develop innovations that contribute to its profitability and sustained competitive advantage. 3M is famous for offering the â€Å"15 Percent Rule† program to its employees to encourage their creativity and innovation efforts (â€Å"The 15 Percent Solution†). For decades, 3M employees can spend up to 15 percent of work hours on their own projects  which may not be directly related to their job’s mission. The â€Å"15 Percent Rule† program has spawned many of 3M’s successful products. For example, 3M scientist Art Fry developed the famous Post-It Note, which became one of the 3M’s best-selling products, during his â€Å"15 percent time†. Since human resource contribute directly to a company’s bottom line, it is very important to keep retain good employees. It is well known that when a company loses good employees, it is a costly and time-consuming process to recruit and train new employees to replace the ones who left. Thus, companies should value their human resource, which is their most important asset. It makes sense for companies to be great places to work at, because happy employees will directly contribute to their bottom line. Google has been ranked first in Fortune Magazine’s annual Best Companies to Work For in 2013 (â€Å"100 Best Companies to Work For†). Google is well known for its lavish perks for employees such as free gourmet food, free massages, on-site laundry, Wi-Fi commuting shuttles, etc. In fact, Google monitors its employees’ well-being to a great degree. Google’s HR department, called People Operations (or POPS), collects and monitors data on how employees respond to benefits (â€Å"Here’s How Google Became Such a Great Place to Work†). A few years ago, POPS noticed a problem that the departure rate of women who had recently gave birth was leaving Google at twice the average departure rate of the company. They rectified the problem by improving the maternity leave plan to give new Google mothers five flexible months off with full pay and benefits. After this plan was implemented, the attrition rate for new mothers was reduced by 50 percent. In conclusion, human resource is the most important asset of an organization. We have discussed the importance of human resource. We also provided several examples of how great companies like Starbucks, 3M and Google recognize the value of human resource and create competitive advantages by effective management of various aspects of their human resource. (Total: 998 words) References Human resource definition. Retrieved June 1, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resources Factors of production definition. Retrieved June 1, 2013, from http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/factors-of-production.html Drucker, P. F. (1999). Management Challenges for the 21st Century, pp. 135, Butterworth-Heinemann. Noe, R. A., Hollenbeck, J. R., Gerhart, B. and Wright, P. M. (2012). Human Resource Management: Gaining a Competitive Advantage, 8th Edition, McGraw-Hill. Facts About Starbucks and Our Partners (Employees). Retrieved June 1, 2013, from http://news.starbucks.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=225 The 15 Percent Solution. Retrieved June 1, 2013, from http://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/1998/01/9858 100 Best Companies to Work For. Retrieved June 1, 2013, from http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/best-companies/2013/snapshots/1.html Here’s How Google Became Such A Great Place to Work. Retrieved June 1, 2013, from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/22/working-at-google_n_2526889.html

How To Write A Research Paper Essays - Language, Software, Writing

How To Write A Research Paper Essays - Language, Software, Writing How To Write A Research Paper Preparing and Using Outlines Using an outline can help you organize your material and can also help you discover connections between pieces of information that you weren't aware of when you first conceived the plan of your paper. It can also make you aware of material that is not really relevant to the purposes of your paper or material that you have covered before and should therefore be removed. A Working Outline might be only an informal list of topics and subtopics which you are thinking of covering in your paper. Sometimes, however, an instructor might require that a working outline be submitted at the beginning of your work; then your instructor might suggest ways in which the work needs to be further developed or cut back. Your instructor might also see that you're trying to accomplish too much or too little for the scope of the assignment he or she has in mind. The working outline can be revised as you discover new material and get new ideas that ought to go into your paper. Most word processing programs have outlining features with automatic formatting that make it easy to create and revise outlines. It is a good idea to keep copies of old outlines in a computer folder in case new versions of the outline lead you in false directions that you will later have to abandon. A Final Outline should enhance the organization and coherence of your research paper. Instructors sometimes require that a final outline be submitted along with the final version of your paper. Material that is not relevant to the purpose of your paper as revealed in your outline should be excised from the paper; if portions of your outline seem weak in comparison to others, more research may be required to create a sense of balance in your argument and presentation. Outlines can be organized according to your purposes. Are you attempting to show the chronology of some historical development, the cause-and-effect relationship between one phenomenon and another, the process by which something is accomplished, or the logic of some position? Are you defining or analyzing something? Comparing or contrasting one thing to another? Presenting an argument (one side or both)? In any case, try to bring related material together under general headings and arrange sections so they relate logically to each other. An effective introduction will map out the journey your reader is about to take, and a satisfactory conclusion will wrap up the sequence of ideas in a nice package. A final outline can be written as a topic outline, in which you use only short phrases to suggest ideas, or as a sentence outline, in which you use full sentences (even very brief paragraphs) to show the development of ideas more fully. If your instructor requires an outline, follow consistently whichever plan he or she prefers. The MLA Handbook suggests the following descending parts of an outline: Preparing a Bibliography Section Once you have found the sources you intend to use, you will need to identify them for your reader. For each BOOK you use, write a separate listing (on an index card or in some handy format available in your laptop computer or your notebook whatever is convenient and cannot be lost), giving: . the name of the author or authors; . title; . editor, translator, compiler, if any; . edition, if it is not the first (i.e., 2nd ed., rev. ed.); . place and date of the book's publication; and . the name of the book's publisher. You might also note on this listing how this source was (or could be) particularly helpful in your research. For example: Mumford, Lewis. The Highway and the City. New York: Harcourt Brace and World, 1963. Pikarsky, M. and Christensen, D. Urban Transportation Policy and Management. Boston: D.C. Heath, 1976. Write a separate listing for each article from a magazine or journal. Include . the name(s) of the author(s); . the title of the article; . the title of the periodical; . the date of the issue in which the article appears; . and the pages on which the article you are referring to appears. For example: Prin, Dinah.

Learn the Use of Have in English

Learn the Use of Have in English Students of English will eventually both have and have got to express possession. Both forms can express what we own, but also the relationships we have. For example, I have / have got a car and a father. Beginning level students should also know that have is preferred in US English, and have got is much more common in British English. Finally, the fact that US English often uses gotten as the participle for various verbs including phrasal verbs with get, but will also use have got when expressing possession can further confuse students. This guide provides examples of the various uses of both forms. The differences between have and have got can be confusing for beginners. Here is a guide the two forms. When you finish reviewing, try the quiz  to check your understanding. Remember these important points: Have and Have got are used for possession.Example: Jack has got a beautiful house. OR Jack has a beautiful house.Only have is used when talking about actions.Example: I usually have breakfast at 8 oclock. NOT I usually have got breakfast at 8 oclock.The question form for have follows regular present simple:Example: Do you have a fast car? NOT Have you a fast car?Have and Have got are only used in the present simple. Use have for the past simple or future forms.Example: She had a copy of that book.There is no contracted form for Have in the positive form. The contracted form is used for have gotExample: I have a red bicycle. OR Ive got a red bicycle. NOT Ive a red bicycle. Here is a grammar chart showing the construction of the two forms: Forms With Have Got Have got is used both British and American English but is more common in British English. Note that have got is used for possession in American English, but that gotten is used for as the past participle for other uses of get. Subject Positive Form Negative Form Question Form I, You, We, They Subject + have + got + objects - contracted form: ve got They have got a new car. Ive got a number of friends in Los Angeles. Subject + have + not + got + objects - contracted form: havent got We have not got a dog. They havent got time to meet today. (? word) + have + subject + got? How many children have you got? Have we got enough time today? He, She, It Subject + has + got + objects - contracted form: s got He has got a new car. Its got red stripes and yellow stars. Subject + has + not + got + objects - contracted form: hasnt got She has not got a dog. It hasnt got any spots on it (? word) + has + subject + got? How many children has he got? Has it got any gas in the tank? Forms With Have Have is more common in American English when speaking about possession. However, have got, as mentioned before, is also used in American English for possession.   Subject Positive Form Negative Form Question Form I, You, We, They Subject + have + objects - no contracted formThey have a new car. We have classes on Friday. Subject + do + not + have + objects - contracted form: dont have They do not have a dog.We dont have time for lunch now. (? word) + do + subject + have?How many children do you have? Do we have any pasta left? He, She, It Subject + have + objects - no contracted formShe has a new car.He has three children. Subject + does + not + have + objects - contracted form: doesnt haveShe does not have a dog. He doesnt have any friends in town. (? word) + does + subject + have?How many children does he have? Does she have a vacation this month? Note: Sometimes the irregular form Have you a car/house/etc. is used in antiquated (older) forms of British English

Moral argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Moral argument - Essay Example Dr. Cox did active euthanasia and it is considered a sin and a crime. Passive euthanasia is legal and is done by withholding life-sustaining assistance, while active euthanasia (physician-assisted) involves acts that will hasten someone’s death (Green 641). Although many people think that active euthanasia, or physician-assisted suicide, is morally wrong and is a total disregard for the sanctity of life, three reasons why physician-assisted suicide is morally right are that it is a respect for the paramount right of an individual to execute sovereignty on matters that concerns only the self, it is the same as passive euthanasia, and it provides dignity in death (Green 640). First, opponents claim that active euthanasia disregards the individual’s right to life. It is claimed that the aim of medicine is always to look for ways to cure an illness, which is rooted in the idea of prolonging a person’s life. It is claimed that there is also a possibility that an ill p erson may be under pressure to choose euthanasia rather than be a burden to other family members. There is also the possibility of misdiagnosis or miscalculations by doctors, and death can no longer be reversed (Linville 201-2). There is no denying that the logic of these claims have value. However, while people focus on an individual’s right to life, it is forgotten that the individual also has an absolute right over matters that concerns only the person who is involved. This means that to be able to exercise the right to choose life or death is a paramount right for every individual in the event when no intervention or help can be currently applied or given to alleviate the person’s condition. An individual must have the right to decide and choose if the remaining solutions to end the intolerable suffering are merely between miracle and death. Regarding medical misdiagnosis or miscalculations, while it is true that doctors sometimes make mistakes, they are still ofte n correct than wrong. In this matter, the individual is sovereign (Linville 204-5) and that each individual has the right to decide on personal matters. Second, opponents claim that such act goes against the Hippocratic Oath. It is said that doctors are not meant to harm patients, particularly through their profession. Killing them is harming them (Klampfer 7). This claim is understandable. However, there had been so many modifications of the Hippocratic Oath over the years because some of its doctrines are no longer appropriate with the existing society (Klampfer 11). For example, the first paragraph of the oath has been changed because swearing to Greek gods and goddesses may be considered offensive to one’s religion today. Abortion was also prohibited then, but is legal today under certain conditions. The oath also only refers to men, but women today also practice medicine already. Splitting fees with one’s teacher and promising to support their children are also no t practiced today (Antoniou et al. 3075-7). Furthermore, such claim puts the legality of passive euthanasia in question. Passive euthanasia, if defined without any refinement, means allowing one to die by not doing anything to save the individual. Yet this action is